Models of a Missional Church ¡ªIntercultural Perspectives
Prof. Dr. Volker Küster (³×´ú¶õµå Kampen university)
I. The European experience
0. I focus on the protestant churches in Western Europe. Southern Europe, the Mediterranean countries, is still Catholic territory, Protestants are a tiny minority. Eastern Europe is predominantly Orthodox; exceptions are catholic Poland and some protestant minorities in Hungary and Romania. After the end of the communist bloc the Orthodox churches are trying to regain their influence that was based on a strong nationalism. Northern Europe is Protestant lands; while in Middle Europe Protestantism and Catholicism are with some regional imbalances more or less in an equilibrium.
1. In Western Europe the social forms of churches differ significantly. They range from (former) state churches in Northern Europe (Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland) and Great Britain to a complete separation between church and state (France). The German Volkskirche as well as the remains of the Dutch verzuiling (the two contexts I know personally best) are interesting middle positions. Officially there is a separation between church and state, but in Germany Christian Education has long been compulsory on public schools, while the Netherlands have a whole range of confessional schools subsidized by the state. The concept of subsidiarity in both countries applies not only to education but also to diaconal work.
2. Next to the mainline churches there are all kind of free churches. Yet Pentecostalism and charismatic renewal of the mainline churches are by far less successful in Europe than in other parts of the world. Grace Davie speaks of Europe as “the exceptional case”.
3. Due to globalization the number of migrant churches is increasing in Europe. They can be categorized according to how they see themselves: there are the ones who define themselves according to the country of origin (Ghanese church, Korean church, Chinese church etc.), others think of themselves as global churches, who wish to do outreach work in Europe and finally there are those who consider themselves as part of the community of European churches.
4. The fascination of many conservative European mainline church leaders with the flourishing of these migrant churches, Pentecostalism and the worldwide charismatic renewal is not shared by the average European citizen nor by the majority of their own flock. Worship services that last for hours, tele-evangelism or people who are distributing pamphlets in the public domain or even knock on their doors is not what they expect from the churches.
5. Polls show that on the other hand there is a high esteem for diaconal work and Christian education even among those who have distanced themselves from the churches.
6. Even though the general trend in Europe is that church membership is decreasing, it seems to me that the situation is more stable in public structures like the German Volkskirche than for instance in the Dutch “Vereinskirchen”. The (former) state churches and the Catholic Church in Southern Europe still seem to profit from their tradition as more or less state religion.
7. In the Netherlands the loss of membership within one generation is dramatic, but among those who still belong the church attendance is high. The core congregation (Kerngemeinde) who attends the Sunday service in many German protestant congregations on an average Sunday counts 1% of the members. Still many of those who don’t participate find it important that there is a Sunday service taking place. Age wise there are usually more elderly people, especially women, among those who are well attending. Younger families are rare. Yet the question is, whether this phenomenon is really so new.
8. Grace Davie’s polemical catch phrase “belonging without believing” not necessarily matches with the self image of those who still belong but don’t participate anymore on a regular basis, but only incidentally on special occasions. They still consider themselves being Christian.
9. The reversion of the phrase however “believing without belonging”, may better describe what is going on. There is a lot of interest in religious matters and religiosity outside the churches. “Secularization” has long been met by “Desecularization”.
10. The churches responses to all this in all their variety can basically be categorized along two lines, namely what we call a “go structure” or a “come structure” of a missional church. Biblically this is grounded in Mt 28 and Mat 5 respectively. Door to door evangelism or youth events are examples for the first option, Ernst Lange’s “Ladenkirche” in the Berlin of the 1970s or the oude wijken pastoraat in the Netherlands for the latter.
11. The “come structure” does not mean to do business as usual, but aims at an open congregation, with high standard preaching, church music, appreciation for church architecture and art as well as educational programs along with social and cultural engagement in the community at large.
12. The rites of passage of the human life cycle baptism, confirmation, marriage and funeral services and those of the year cycle Christmas in the first place, but with growing popularity also Easter and old year eve are excellent opportunities for a missional church to reach those who are at the margins of the church.
II. Learning from other churches
13. With the reorganization of the world after World War Two and the decolonization of Africa and Asia the churches in the Third World became structurally independent from their Western mother churches, even though many remain financially dependent. In the footsteps of political emancipation movements and cultural renaissances they also developed new forms of being church. Different from European churches they had to do that often in the framework of authoritarian states and in Asia also as Christian minorities in multi-religious societies.
14. Since the 1970s there is a growing awareness that Christianity is no longer a western religion. Today there are more Christians in the global South than in Western Europe and its settler countries North America and Australia.
15. Attempts to formulate a contextual theology and to inculturate the mainline churches are standing over against charismatic renewal and Pentecostalism. Eventually representatives of the latter however are also taking interest in contextualization, as their institutionalization and establishment proceeds.
16. Along the lines of the typology of contextual theology one can also identify models of a liberating, inculturating and dialogical church.
17. The Latin American “basic Christian communities” and their “option for the poor” are the liberating church par excellence. The black church in the US is another example. In both cases liberation theology developed out of the community, against all tensions with the church hierarchy and establishment. In South Korean Minjung theology, the congregations came later, even though there were the UIM centers before.
18. Since the poor in Asia are mainly non-Christian the Sri Lankan catholic theologian Tissa Balasuriya has suggested to speak of “basic human communities”. The Asian bishops’ conference has made this dialogical church part of their mission concept.
19. While inculturation of the liturgy is a catholic priority, African Instituted Churches have also developed inculturated church forms.
20. Research into these new contextual church forms leads to a number of notae novae ecclesiae. These churches are contextual, prophetic, small scale and missional.
21. A closer look at the growth of the Pentecostal churches and the charismatic renewal in Latin America reveals that it is taking place on former catholic grounds. Regarding the manpower and money that has been invested in the Christianization of Asia the results are rather disillusioning. Aloysius Pieris once stated “But Asia, as circumstances clearly indicate, will always remain a non-Christian continent” (An Asian Theology of Liberation, 74). Therefore one can speak of (South) Korea as the exceptional case in Asia. The Philippines the other exception is counted in Catholic circles as part of Latin America due to the similar historical experience. In Sub-Saharan Africa Christianity is competing with Islam to convert the remaining adherents of traditional religion (all three ca. 33%).
22. There are a few questions that have to be further explored:
· Mission seems to be more successful among adherents of primal or cosmic religions than among those of meta-cosmic religions to use the terminology of Aloysius Pieris.
· There seems to be a relation between social stratification and mission, the poor and deprived are more open to conversion than the affluent.
· What is the demographic factor in all this? To give an example: In Europe more members are dying than new ones are baptized or (re)convert. Yet this overlaps with the general demographic trend in Europe. Regarding the global South then the question is, what can one say about the relationship between population growth and religious affiliation?
23. Being missional church means to be context sensitive. What works in one context does not necessarily so in another. Therefore contextual analysis of the socio-economic and political as well as the cultural religious factors of a given context is necessary. Contextual theology is an a priori for a missional church.
24. For a missional church communicating the Christian faith (Orthodoxy) and socio-ethical practice (Orthopraxis) are like the two foci of an ellipse.
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¡ã ¸Ç ¿ìÃøÀÌ Prof. Dr. Volker Küster |
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II. ´Ù¸¥ ±³È¸µé·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ±³ÈÆ
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15. »óȲ½ÅÇÐÀ» ¸¸µé¾î³»°í ÁÖ·ù ±³È¸µéÀ» ÅäÂøȽÃÅ°·Á´Â ½ÃµµµéÀº Àº»çÁÖÀÇ¿Í ¿À¼øÀý¿îµ¿À» °ÅºÎÇÏ°í ÀÖÁö¸¸ Àº»çÁÖÀÇ¿Í ¿À¼øÀý ¿îµ¿Àº ¿ÀÈ÷·Á À̵éÀÌ Á¦µµÈµÇ°í ±âµæ±ÇÈµÇ¸é¼ ÅäÂøÈ¿¡ ´«À» ¶ß°í ÀÖ´Ù.
16. ÇعæÀûÀÌ°í, ÅäÂøÀûÀ̸ç, ´ëÈÀûÀÎ ±³È¸ÀÇ ¸ðµ¨µéÀº »óȲ½ÅÇÐÀÇ À¯ÇüÀ¸·Î ºÐ·ùµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
17. ¶óƾ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ “±âµ¶±³ ±âÃÊ °øµ¿Ã¼µé” (Basic Christian Communities)°ú ±×µéÀÇ “°¡³ÇÑ À̸¦ À§ÇÑ ¼±ÅÔ(Option for the Poor)Àº Çع汳ȸÀÇ ¾ÆÁÖ ÁÁÀº ¿¹ÀÌ¸ç ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼´Â ÈæÀα³È¸¸¦ ¿¹·Î µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. À§ÀÇ ¿¹µé¿¡¼ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³, »óȲ½ÅÇÐÀº ±³È¸ÀÇ À§°èÁú¼È(hierarchy)¿Í Á¦µµÈÀÇ ¸ðµç ±äÀå¿¡ Ç×°ÅÇÏ´Â °øµ¿Ã¼·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ßÀüµÇ¾ú´Ù. Çѱ¹ ¹ÎÁß½ÅÇÐÀÇ °æ¿ì´Â UIM º»ºÎ°¡ ¸ÕÀú ÀÖ¾ú°í, ±× ÈÄ¿¡ ±³È¸µéÀÌ µû¶ó ¿Ô´Ù.
18. ¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ °¡³ÇÑ À̵éÀº ´ëºÎºÐ ºñ±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡, ½º¸®¶ûÄ« °¡Å縯½ÅÇÐÀÚÀÎ Tissa Balasuriya´Â “Àΰ£ ±âÃÊ °øµ¿Ã¼”(Basic Human Communities)¶ó°í ºÎ¸£±â¸¦ Á¦¾ÈÇß´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ °¨µ¶È¸ÀÇ¿¡¼´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ´ëÈÀû ±³È¸(dialogical church)¸¦ ±×µéÀÇ ¼±±³ °³³äÀÇ Çϳª·Î È®Á¤Áö¾ú´Ù.
19. ¿¹Àü(the liturgy)ÀÇ ÅäÂøÈ¿¡ À־ °¡Å縯ÀÌ ¾Õ¼°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ Á¦µµÈµÈ ±³È¸µéµµ ÅäÂøÈµÈ ±³È¸ÀÇ À¯ÇüµéÀ» ¹ßÀü½ÃÄÑ¿Ô´Ù.
20. ÀÌ·¸°Ô »õ·Î¿î À¯ÇüÀÇ »óÈ²ÈµÈ ±³È¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸´Â ÀÏ´ÜÀÇ natae navae ecclesiae·Î À̾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±³È¸µéÀº »óȲÀûÀ̸ç, ¿¹¾ðÀÚÀûÀÌ°í, ÀÛÀº °øµ¿Ã¼ÀûÀ̸ç, ¼±±³ÀûÀÌ´Ù.
21. ¶óƾ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡¼ ÀÏ¾î³ ¿À¼øÀý±³È¸µé°ú Àº»çÁÖÀÇÀû °»½Å¿îµ¿ÀÇ ¼ºÀåÀ» ÀÚ¼¼È÷ »ìÆ캸¸é ±×°ÍÀÌ °¡Å縯 ¹è°æÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â °÷¿¡¼ ÀÏ¾î³ °ÍÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ º¹À½È¸¦ À§Çؼ ½ñ¾Æ ºÎÀº Àη°ú ÀçÁ¤À» »ý°¢ÇØ º¼ ¶§, ±× °á°ú´Â ´Ù¼Ò ºñ°üÀûÀÌ´Ù. Aloysius Pieris°¡ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ ´ë·Î, “»óȲÀÌ ¸»ÇØÁÖ´Â °Íó·³, ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ´Â °è¼ÓÇؼ ºñ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ¶¥À¸·Î ³²À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù”(An Asian Theology of Liberation, 74). ÀÌ·± Á¡¿¡¼ Çѱ¹Àº ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼ ¸Å¿ì ¿¹¿ÜÀûÀ̶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¶Ç ÇϳªÀÇ ¿¹¿Ü·Î º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Çʸ®ÇÉÀº °¡Å縯±³È¸ ¾È¿¡¼´Â ¶óƾ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ºÎºÐÀ¸·Î °£ÁֵǴµ¥ ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â µÑ »çÀÌ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¿ª»çÀû À¯»ç¼º ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. »çÇ϶ó »ç¸· À̳²ÀÇ ±âµ¶±³´Â ¿À´Ãµµ ±×°÷ÀÇ Åä¼ÓÁ¾±³¿¡ ³²¾ÆÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» º¹À½È½ÃÅ°±â À§Çؼ À̽½¶÷°ú ´ë¸³ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
22. ´õ ¿¬±¸ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ ¹®Á¦µéÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.
• Aloysius Pieris ÀÇ ¿ë¾î¸¦ ºô¸®ÀÚ¸é, ¼±±³´Â ÃÊ¿ìÁÖÀûÀÎ Á¾±³(meta-cosmic religions)¸¦ °¡Áø »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼º¸´Ù´Â ¿ø½ÃÀûÀ̰ųª ¿ìÁÖÀûÀÎ Á¾±³(primal or cosmic religions)¸¦ °¡Áø »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ´õ ¼º°øÀûÀÎ °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ.
• »çȸ°èÃþ°ú ¼±±³ »çÀÌ¿¡´Â ¾î¶² °ü°è°¡ ÀÖ´Â °Í °°´Ù. ¿¹¸¦µé¾î, °¡³ÇÑ ÀÚµé°ú ¾ï¾Ð¹Þ´Â ÀÚµéÀº ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ Àڵ麸´Ù ÈξÀ ´õ ȸ½ÉÇϱ⠽±´Ù.
• ÀÌ ¸ðµç °Í ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Àα¸Åë°èÇÐÀû ¿ä¼Ò´Â ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, À¯·´¿¡¼´Â ¼¼·Ê¸¦ ¹Þ´Â ÀÚµéÀ̳ª (´Ù½Ã) ȸ½ÉÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¼öº¸´Ù »ç¸ÁÇÏ´Â Å©¸®½ºÃµÀÇ Àα¸°¡ ´õ ¸¹´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº À¯·´ Àüü¿¡¼ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÁøÇàµÇ´Â Àα¸Åë°èÀû °æÇâÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¸é, Áö±¸ ³²¹Ý±¸¿¡¼ ÀϾ´Â Àα¸¼ºÀå°ú Á¾±³ÀÇ ¹øâ »çÀÌ¿¡ ¾î¶² °ü°è°¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ñ°¡?
23. ¼±±³Àû ±³È¸°¡ µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº »óȲ¿¡ ¹Î°¨ÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ¾î¶² »óȲ¿¡¼ ¼º°øÀûÀ̾ú´Ù°í, ´Ù¸¥ »óȲ¿¡¼µµ ¹Ýµå½Ã ±×·¸°Ô µÈ´Ù´Â º¸ÀåÀº ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î óÇØÁø »óȲ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »çȸÀû-°æÁ¦Àû, Á¤Ä¡Àû, ±×¸®°í ¹®È Á¾±³Àû ¿ä¼Ò¸¦ öÀúÈ÷ ºÐ¼®ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.
24. ¼±±³Àû ±³È¸´Â Ÿ¿øÇüÀÇ µÎ Ãà°ú °°Àº ±âµ¶±³ ½Å¾Ó(Orthodoxy)¿Í »çȸ-À±¸®Àû ½Çõ(Orthopraxis) »çÀ̸¦ ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ ¼ÒÅëÇÏ´Â ±³È¸ÀÌ´Ù.
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